8我们受特殊保护We are under special protection 2我们是未成年人We are minors 3在我国,未满18周岁的公民为未成年人,18周岁以上的公民为成年人。In China, citizens under 18 years old are minors, and citizens over 18 years old are adults 4根据2010年第六次全国人口普查数据, 5未成年人超过我国人口数量的五分之一。According to the sixth national population census in 2010, minors account for more than one fifth of China's population ♧活动园Activity Park 1在家长会上,家长们聊到未成年人的特殊之处,有这样一些看法。At the parents' meeting, parents talked about the special features of minors and had some views 2未成年人好奇心强,什么都想尝试一下。Minors are curious and want to try everything. 3未成年人的社会经验少，是非观正在形成中……Minors have little social experience, and their views on right and wrong are being formed 4你认同这些看法吗?说一说,与成年人相比,未成年人还有哪些特殊之处。Do you agree with these views? Let's talk about what's special about Minors compared with adults. ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1不同国家的法定成年年龄Age of majority in different countries 5世界各国的法律对成年年龄的规定是不同的,The age of majority in the laws of different countries is different, 3未满成年年龄的就属于未成年人。Those under the age of majority belong to minors. 4例如,英国、德国和法国的成年年龄是18周岁,In Britain, Germany and France, for example, the age of majority is 18, 5日本、瑞士的成年年龄是20周岁,In Japan and Switzerland, the adult age is 20 6奥地利和意大利的成年年龄则是21周岁。In Austria and Italy, the age of majority is 21 7很多法律规定都涉及具体年龄的节点,Many legal provisions are related to specific age nodes 8不同年龄阶段在法律上具有不同的意义。Different ages have different legal meanings 9有些法律规定达到一定的年龄才享有相应的权利,承担相应的义务或责任。Some laws stipulate that only when they reach a certain age can they enjoy corresponding rights and undertake corresponding obligations or responsibilities. ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1一些重要的年龄节点Some important age nodes 2年龄(周岁) Age (one year old) 不同年龄在法律上的意义 The legal significance of different ages 法律依据 6-7岁 3 义务教育小学入学年龄Primary school entrance age of compulsory education 4《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第十一条Article 11 of the compulsory education law of the people's Republic of China 5.8岁 6无行为能力与限制行为能力的分界The boundary between incapacity and limited capacity 7《中华人民共和国民法总则》第十九、二十条Articles 19 and 20 of the general provisions of the civil law of the people's Republic of China 8.12岁 9准许在道路上驾驶自行车、三轮车的最低年龄Minimum age for driving bicycles and tricycles on the road 10《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》第七十二条 Article 72 of the regulations for the implementation of the road traffic safety law of the people's Republic of China 11因违法行为而可能受到刑法处罚的最低年龄The minimum age at which a person may be punished by criminal law for an illegal act 12《中华人民共和国刑法》第十七条Article 17 of the criminal law of the people's Republic of China 13因违法行为而可能受到行政法处罚的最低年龄The minimum age at which an illegal act may be punished by administrative law 14《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》第二十五条Article 25 of the law of the people's Republic of China on administrative penalty 15.16岁 16未成年人可以离开监护人单独居住Minors may live alone without their guardians 《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》第十九条Article 19 of the law of the 17people's Republic of China on the prevention of juvenile delinquency 18符合条件的中国公民应当申请领取居民身份证Eligible Chinese citizens shall apply for resident identity cards 19《中华人民共和国居民身份证法》第二条Article 2 of the resident identity card law of the people's Republic of China 20.18岁 21公务员应当具备的最低年龄条件The minimum age requirement for civil servants 22《中华人民共和国公务员法》第十三条Article 13 of the civil servant law of the people's Republic of China ♧活动园Activity Park 1王阿姨的儿子今年12周岁,正在读小学六年级,平时学习比较紧张,Aunt Wang's son is 12 years old. He is in the sixth grade of primary school. He usually studies hard, 2王阿姨一点家务活也不让他做。Aunt Wang won't let him do any housework 3一天,和邻居刘律师聊天,王阿姨说等到儿子成年以后再让他做家务也不迟。One day, when chatting with neighbor Lawyer Liu, Aunt Wang said that it was not too late for her son to do housework until he came of age. 4对于12周岁的小学生是否有责任做家务的问题,As for whether 12-year-old pupils have the responsibility to do housework, 5刘律师认为,虽然12周岁的小学生还未成年,但作为家庭中的一员, Lawyer Liu believes that although the 12-year-old primary school student is still under age, as a member of the family,We should also do our part and do what we can, such as cleaning the table, washing the dishes and taking out the garbage. 6也应尽一份贵任,做一些力所能及的事情,如擦桌子、刷碗、倒垃圾等。We should also do our part and do what we can, such as cleaning the table, washing the dishes and taking out the garbage. 7这样可以锻炼未成年人承担责任的能力,培养未成年人的责任意识。In this way, we can train minors' ability to take responsibility and cultivate their sense of responsibility. 8你在家里做家务吗?你如何看待未成年人做家务这一问题? Do you do housework at home? What do you think of minors doing housework? 1专门法律来保护It's protected by special laws 2为未成年人的健康成长提供法律保障,已成为我国法治建设的重要议题。Providing legal guarantee for the healthy growth of minors has become an important issue in the construction of the rule of law in China 3我国制定了专门的法律,以更有效地保护未成年人,China has formulated special laws to protect minors more effectively, 4促进未成年人身心健康发展。Promote the physical and mental health development of minors. ♧活动园Activity Park 1让我们一起了解专门为未成年人制定的法律—Let's learn about the laws specially made for minors 2《中华人民共和国义务教育法》Compulsory education law of the people's Republic of China 3《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of minors 4和《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》。And the law of the people's Republic of China on the prevention of juvenile delinquency. 5说一说：专门为末成年人制定这些法律有什么意义?Let's talk about it: what's the point of making these laws specifically for minors? 6为什么制定《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》也是对未成年人的保护?Why is the formulation of the law of the people's Republic of China on the prevention of juvenile delinquency also the protection of minors? 7社会上有一部分违法犯罪分子把侵害对象直接指向未成年人。There are some criminals in the society who direct the infringement on minors. 8未成年人关系到一个国家或整个社会的未来。 Minors are related to the future of a country or the whole society. 9未成年人的违法犯罪已成为严重的社会问题。 10还有……Juvenile delinquency has become a serious social problem. And 11义务教育关乎中国教育事业的发展。Compulsory education is related to the development of China's education. 12全面提高义务教育质量, We will improve the quality of compulsory education in an all-round way, 13不仅有助于促进教育公平, It not only helps to promote educational equity, 14而且对全民族素质的提高和民族的复兴具有重要意义。 It is also of great significance to the improvement of the quality of the whole nation and the rejuvenation of the nation ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1《中华人民共和国义务教育法》Compulsory education law of the people's Republic of China 2是我国为了保障适龄儿童、少年接受义务教育的权利,保证义务教育的实施, In order to protect the right of school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education and ensure the implementation of compulsory education, 3提高全民族素质而制定的法律,于1986年通过,经过三次修正。 The law was passed in 1986 and has been amended three times 4强调教育公平、教育均衡的理念, It emphasizes the concept of educational equity and educational balance, 5关注弱势群体的受教育问题是这部法律的重要特点。 It is an important feature of this law to pay attention to the education of vulnerable groups. 6《中华人民共和国义务教育法》宣传栏 Publicity column of compulsory education law of the people's Republic of China ♧活动园Activity Park 1阅读《中华人民共和国义务教育法》,Read the compulsory education law of the people's Republic of China, 2判断下列关于我国义务教育的说法是否正确。Judge whether the following statement about compulsory education in China is correct 3说法正确的在括号里画“√”,说法不正确的在括号里画“×”,并尝试说一说理由。Mark "√" in brackets if the statement is correct, and mark "√" in brackets if the statement is incorrect“ ×”, And try to say why. 4实施义务教育,不收学费、杂费。The implementation of compulsory education, no tuition fees, miscellaneous fees 5义务教育是国家统一实施的所有适龄儿童、少年必须接受的教育,Compulsory education is the education that all school-age children and teenagers must receive, which is implemented uniformly by the state. It is a public welfare undertaking that the state must guarantee. 6是国家必须予以保障的公益性事业。It is a public welfare undertaking that the state must guarantee 7凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的适龄儿童、少年,All school-age children and juveniles with the nationality of the people's Republic of China, 8不分性别、民族、种族、家庭财产状况、宗教信仰等,Regardless of gender, nationality, race, family property, religious belief, etc 9依法享有平等接受义务教育的权利,并履行接受义务教育的义务。According to law, they have the right to receive compulsory education on an equal basis and fulfill their obligations. 10适龄儿童、少年因疾病或者特殊情况,Due to illness or special circumstances, 11需要延缓入学或者免予入学的,If it is necessary to postpone or exempt admission, 12由儿童、少年的父母或者其他监护人自行根据情况决定。If it is necessary to postpone or exempt admission, 13近年来,我国侵害未成年人权益的事件时有发生。 In recent years, the infringement of the rights and interests of minors has occurred from time to time 14这些事件在拷问社会道德的同时,也暴露出未成年人权利保护方面存在的一系列问题。These incidents not only torture social morality, but also expose a series of problems in the protection of minors' rights. 15这些问题已经引起社会的普遍关注。 These problems have caused widespread concern in society. ♧知识窗 Knowledge window 1《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》Law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of minors 2是我国第一部专门保护未成年人各项合法权利的法律。 It is the first law to protect the legal rights of minors 3这部法律于1991年通过,The law was passed in 1991, 4经过两次修正,明确了对未成年人的家庭保护、学校保护、社会保护和司法保护。The law was passed in 1991, 5该法为促进未成年人的健康成长提供了更好的法律保障, The law provides a better legal guarantee for the healthy growth of minors, 6体现了国家对未成年人的关心和爱护。 It reflects the state's care and love for minors. 7司法所工作人员给学生讲解《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》 The staff of the judicial office explained to the students the law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of minors 活动园 Activity Park 1分小组学习《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》,并讨论下列问题。 Study the law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of minors in groups and discuss the following issues 2《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》主要规定有哪些内容? What are the main provisions of the law of the people's Republic of China on the protection of minors? 3 结合你的生活实际,说说你认为家庭、学校和社会在保护未成年人方面 还存在哪些问题。Combined with your actual life, what problems do you think exist in the protection of minors in family, school and society. 4 保护未成年人,是国家机关、武装力量、政党、社会团体、企 业事业组织、城乡基层群众性自治组织、未成年人的监护人和其他 成年公民的共同责任。只有家庭、学校、社会、国家各司其职,才 能全方位保护未成年人 Protecting minors is the common responsibility of state organs, armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and institutions, urban and rural grassroots mass autonomous organizations, guardians of minors and other adult citizens. Only when family, school, society and the state perform their respective duties, can they protect minors in an all-round way 1从世界范围看,From a global perspective, 2青少年犯罪已经呈现出低龄化、手段智能化、伙性和暴力性犯罪增多的特点。有效预防未成年人违法犯罪， Juvenile delinquency has shown the characteristics of low age, intelligent means, increasing gang and violent crimes. We should effectively prevent juvenile delinquency, 3关键在于集合全社会力量,创造有利于未成年人健康成长的良好环境。 The key is to gather the strength of the whole society and create a good environment conducive to the healthy growth of minors. 4作为未成年人,要从小养成遵纪守法的好习惯, As a minor, we should form a good habit of abiding by the law, 5知法、守法,铭记“勿以恶小而为之,勿以善小而不为”。 Knowing and abiding by the law, we should remember "don't do evil in a small way, and don't do good in a small way.". ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》是为了保障未成年人身心健康, 陪养未成年人良好品行,有效地预防未成年人犯罪而制定的法律。 The law of the people's Republic of China on the prevention of juvenile delinquency is formulated to protect the physical and mental health of minors, foster their good conduct and effectively prevent juvenile delinquency. 2这部法律于1990通过,2012年修正。 The law was passed in 1990 and amended in 2012. 3该法明确了各级教育、行政、司法部门以及其他社会组织和家庭在预防未成年人犯罪方面的教育、防范和矫治等职责。 The law specifies the responsibilities of education, administration, judicial departments at all levels and other social organizations and families in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. ♧活动园Activity Park 1根据某省2019年公布的一份未成年人检察工作白皮书, According to a white paper on juvenile procuratorial work published by a province in 2019, 2该省2018年未成年人犯罪类型主要有以下几种： The main types of juvenile delinquency in 2018 are as follows: 3■盗窃罪22.25%Theft 22.25% 4■抢劫罪18.92%Robbery 18.92 5■寻衅滋事罪14.98%■ 14.98% for affray crime 6■故意伤害罪12.91%Crime of intentional injury 12.91% 7聚众斗殴罪5.62%Crime of affray 5.62% 8其他犯罪25.32%Other crimes 25.32% 9认真阅读、分析饼状图,Read and analyze the pie chart carefully, 10尝试从未成年人的角度,对预防未成年人违法犯罪提出几点建议。 我的建议This paper tries to put forward some suggestions on the prevention of juvenile delinquency from the perspective of minors. My suggestion 1特殊关爱 助我成长Special care helps me grow up 2少年兴则中国兴,少年强则中国强。If the youth is prosperous, China will be prosperous, and if the youth is strong, China will be strong. It is the common responsibility of the whole society to create a good social environment for minors. 3为未成年人创造良好的社会环境,是全社会共同的责任。It is the common responsibility of the whole society to create a good social environment for minors. In our country, families, schools and the whole society give children many special opportunities in the process of their growth 4在我国,家庭、学校以及整个社会在未成年人成长过程中都给子了许多特别关怀。In our country, families, schools and the whole society give children a lot of special care in the process of their growth. 5国际社会也一直致力于对未成年人的保护。The international community has also been committed to the protection of minors 6家庭是构成社会的基本单位,也是未成年人生活、成长的主要场所。 7父母作为未成年人的法定监护人,有管教和保护未成年子女的权利和义务。作为未成年人,应听从父母的教导,孝敬父母。Family is not only the basic unit of society, but also the main place for minors to live and grow up. As legal guardians of minors, parents have the right and obligation to discipline and protect their children. As a minor, he should obey his parents' instruction and be filial to them. 8子女在成年后,还有赡养扶助父母的义务。When a child reaches adulthood, he still has the obligation to support his parents. ♧阅读角Reading corner 1.1993年,联合国大会通过决议,宣布每年的5月15日为国际家庭日,/ 以提高国际社会对家庭重要性的认识,促进家庭的和睦、幸福与进步。 2016年国际家庭日到来时,In 1993, the general assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution declaring May 15 as the international day of the family to raise the international community's awareness of the importance of the family and promote the harmony, happiness and progress of the family. When the international family day comes in 2016, 2联合国秘书长在致辞中充分表达了家庭对未成年人成长的作用： In his speech, the Secretary General of the United Nations fully expressed the role of family in the growth of minors 3通过政策和法律促进有利的家庭环境,倡导积极正面的子女教育, Promote a favorable family environment through policies and laws, and advocate positive education for children, 4有助于家庭养育健康幸福的儿女,使之成长为受重视、有作为的成年人。 It is helpful for families to raise healthy and happy children and make them grow up to be valued and promising adults. 5回忆一下,在你的成长过程中,感受到了哪些来自家庭的关爱。 Recall what kind of love you felt from your family when you were growing up. 6讲述自己感触最深的故事,表达自己的感思之心。 Tell the story that you feel most deeply and express your feeling. 7父母应当关注 Parents should pay attention to the physical and psychological conditions and behavior habits of minors,未成年人的生理、心理状况和行为习惯, Behavior habits, 8以健康的思想和适当的方法教育来成年人, Educate adults with healthy thoughts and appropriate methods 9引导未成年人进行有益身心健康的活动。 Guide minors to carry out activities beneficial to physical and mental health 10在法治社会,不得实施家庭暴力。 In a society ruled by law, domestic violence is not allowed. ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1世界大多数国家和地区已将遏制家庭暴力纳入法律程序。 ♧ knowledge window most countries and regions in the world have incorporated the suppression of domestic violence into the legal process. 2我国于2015年制定了《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》, In 2015, China enacted the anti domestic violence law of the people's Republic of China, 3.2016年3月正式施行。 It was officially implemented in March 2016. 4该法规定,来成年人的监护人应当以文明的方式进行家庭教育, According to the law, the guardians of adults should conduct family education in a civilized way, 5依法履行监护和教育职责,不得实施家庭暴力 They shall perform their duties of guardianship and education according to law and shall not commit domestic violence 6家庭成员之间以殴打、残害、限制人身自由以及经常性谩骂、恐吓等方式实施的身体、精神等侵害行为,都属于家庭暴力。 Family members' physical and mental violations, such as beating, maiming, restricting personal freedom, frequent abuse and intimidation, are all family violence. 7《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》宣传漫画 Publicity cartoon of anti domestic violence law of the people's Republic of China ♧阅读角Reading corner 1《儿童权利公约》 Convention on the rights of the child 2.1989年11月20日,联合国大会通过了《儿童权利公约》, On November 20, 1989, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the rights of the child, 3旨在为世界各国和地区的儿童创建良好的成长环境。 It aims to create a good environment for the growth of children all over the world 4该公约将“儿童”界定为不18周岁的任何人, The Convention defines "child" as anyone who is not 18 years old, 5而我国通常用“未成年人”的概念指代这一群体。In China, the concept of "minors" is commonly used to refer to this group 6《儿童权利公约》是第一部专门保障儿童权利且具有法律约束力的国际性公约,阐述了应赋予所有儿童生存权、受保护权、发展权和参与权。 The Convention on the rights of the child is the first international convention that specifically protects the rights of children and has legal binding force. It states that all children should be given the rights of survival, protection, development and participation 7联合国儿童基金会中文网对《儿童权利公约》的介绍 Introduction of the Convention on the rights of the child on the Chinese website of the United Nations Children's Fund 8截至2017年,该公约兵有196个缔约国, As of 2017, there are 196 States parties to the Convention, 9是联合国所有人权条约中约国最多的一个。It has the largest number of treaties among all human rights treaties of the United Nations. 10我国政府于1992年批准了《儿童权利公约》。Our government ratified the Convention on the rights of the child in 1992. 11.1992年4月1日,《儿童权利公约》在我国正式生效。 On April 1, 1992, the Convention on the rights of the child entered into force in China. 12一个社会对未成年人的态度,可以反映出它的文明程度。The attitude of a society towards minors can reflect its civilization. 13全社会应当树立尊重、保护、教育未成年人的良好风尚,关心、爱护未成年人。 The whole society should set up a good fashion of respecting, protecting and educating minors, and care for them. 14学校组织学生开展“火灾逃离”现场演练 The school organizes students to carry out "fire escape" on-site exercise 15开学第一天,交通警察到学校讲解交通安全知识 On the first day of school, the traffic police went to the school to explain the traffic safety knowledge 16参观博物馆、纪念馆、公园等场所，未成年人可享受免费或优惠票价 网吧门口张贴了禁止未成年人进入的警示牌 When visiting museums, memorials, parks and other places, minors can enjoy free or preferential fares. Warning signs are posted at the entrance of Internet cafes to prohibit minors from entering 17一起分事:在你的成长过程中,感受到了哪些来自社会各界的特别关怀? Sharing things together: in the process of your growth, what special care did you feel from all walks of life? 18随着我国经济、社会的发展以及工业化、城镇化进程的推进, With the development of China's economy and society and the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, 19不少农村劳动力外出务工、创业。 With the development of China's economy and society as well as the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, many rural labor force go out to work and start businesses. 20在此过程中,一些人选择将未成年子女留在家乡交由他人监护照料,导致大量农村留守儿童出现。In this process, some people choose to leave their minor children in their hometown for others to take care of, resulting in a large number of rural left behind children. 21近年来发生的多起农村留守儿童受到侵害的事件,引起了全社会对这一特殊的未成年人群体的广泛关注。In recent years, many cases of left behind children in rural areas have been violated, which has aroused the wide attention of the whole society to this special group of minors. ◎阅读角Reading corner 1留守儿童是指父母双方外出务工或一方外出务工另一方无监护能力、不满 6周岁的未成年人。Left behind children refer to the juveniles whose parents are working outside or one of them is working outside, and the other has no guardianship ability and is under 6 years old. 2截至2018年,全国共有留守儿童697万余人,与2016年全国摸底排查数据90As of 2018, there are more than 6.97 million left behind children in China, which is 90% higher than that of 20162万余人相比,总体数量下降22.7%。 Compared with more than 20000 people, the overall number decreased by 22.7% 3农村留守儿童年齡结构 Age structure of rural left behind children 4农村留守几童在学情况 The situation of left behind children in rural areas ♧活动园Activity Park 1父母不在身边,生活缺Parents are not around, life is lack of care, learning is lack of guidance, no one to tell their worries少照料,学习缺乏引导,心事无人诉说…… 2许多农村留守儿童遭遇着物质与精神的双重贫困。 Many rural left behind children are suffering from material and spiritual poverty. 3请同学们以“留守儿童”为主题分组讨论 Please discuss in groups with the theme of "left behind children" 4留守儿童在成长中还可能面临哪些问题?What problems are left behind children likely to face in their growth? 5就如何更好地关心、帮助留守儿童提出建议。Suggestions on how to better care for and help left behind children are put forward 6关爱和保护农村留守儿童,不仅关系到未成年人的健康成长家庭幸福与社会和谐,也关系到我国农村经济和社会的可持续协调发展。 Caring and protecting rural left behind children is not only related to the healthy growth of minors, family happiness and social harmony, but also related to the sustainable and coordinated development of rural economy and society. 7为农村留守儿童的健康成长创造良好的环境,维护他们的合法权益,是各级政府的重要职责,也是家庭和全社会的共同责任。 To create a good environment for the healthy growth of rural left behind children and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests is an important responsibility of governments at all levels, as well as the common responsibility of families and the whole society. |
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