Unit 4第四单元 Information and Life信息与生活 Humans use sounds and words to transmit information, how do other organisms transmit information?人类用声音、文字等传递信息,其他生物怎样传递信息? How do the brain and nerves work together? 脑与神经如何协调工作? What does the Internet world bring to us?网络世界究竟给我们带来了什么? 1 6 Letters from Nature1 6 来自大自然的信 What information can we get from the various phenomena in nature? 大自然呈现出各种答样的现象，我们可以从中获取哪些信息? Check out the data to find out!请查阅料来研究吧！ What do the annual rings of trees tell us?树木的年轮告诉了我们什么? Research Tips研究提示 Using the center of the annual rings as the origin, draw "+" along the east-west and north-south directions以年轮髓心为原点,沿东西和南北方向画“+” Count the number of rings along the "+" from the outside to the inside, and record them.沿“+”从外向里逐个数清年轮圈数,并记录。 The distance of the growth rings from the pith in each direction was measured.测量每个方向生长轮距髓心的距离。 Study of the annual rings of trees树木年轮的研究记录 Number of rings of the annual rings年轮的圈数 Distance between the outermost layer of the annual rings and the pith年轮最外层与髓心的距离 The degree of completeness of the annual rings (whether there are defects or not)年轮的完整程度(是否有缺损) Shade of color of the annual rings年轮颜色的深浅 Sparsity of the annual rings年轮的疏密度 The annual rings of trees can be used not only to calculate the age of trees, to understand the environmental conditions under which trees grow, such as the intensity of light, temperature, rainfall and the supply of mineral nutrients,树木年轮不仅可以用来计算树木的年龄,了解树木生长所经历的环境条件,如光照强度、气温、降雨量及矿物质营养的供应等, but also to measure past earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc., to determine the age of many things, and to infer future changes in things. 还可以用来测知过去发生的地震、火山爆发等,测定许多事物发生的年代,推断事物未来的变化。 Information Card资料卡 The annual rings reflect the growth of trees.年轮反映了树木的生长情况。 Under the right environment, trees grow well, the xylem increases more, the annual rings are wider, and vice versa, the annual rings are narrower.在适宜的环境下,树木生长得好,木质部增加得多,年轮就较宽,反之年轮就窄。 The initial annual rings of a tree are usually wider, which means it is "young and strong" and has strong growth.树木最初的年轮一般比较宽,这表示那时它“年轻力壮”,生长力强。Sometimes, after a tree has many narrow annual rings, a wider annual ring suddenly appears, which indicates that the climate was favorable for the growth of the tree in the years when the annual ring was wide.有时一棵树在出现了很多窄的年轮以后,突然出现较宽的年轮,这表明在年轮宽的那几年,气候适宜,对树木生长有利。 There are also eccentric annual rings, which means that the environment on both sides of the tree is different. 还有偏心的年轮,那就说明树木两边环境不同, Usually in the northern hemisphere, the south-facing side is warmer than the north-facing side, so the annual rings of trees on the south-facing side are wider.通常在北半球朝南的一面较朝北的一面温暖,所以朝南的一面树木年轮较宽。 The annual rings of trees are also a repository of information on environmental pollution.树木的年轮还是环境污染的资料储存库。 For example, as a result of metal mining, or metal smelting, many heavy metal dusts are deposited into the nearby soil. 例如:由于开采金属矿藏,或金属冶炼加工,飞扬出来的许多重金属尘埃逐渐沉降到附近的土壤中。 In the process of growth, trees continue to absorb large amounts of heavy metals from the soil, 树木在生长过程中,不断从土壤中吸进大量重金属, and through spectral analysis, the content of heavy metals absorbed in each year "recorded" in the annual cycle can be measured.通过光谱分析,便可测出年轮中“记录”下来的各年吸收重金属的含量 What else does nature tell us?大自然还告诉我们哪些信息? Plants can tell us about underground mineral deposits植物能告诉我们地下矿藏 Nature has a warning before an earthquake地震前大自然有预兆 Swallows fly low before it rains下雨前燕子低飞 Fossils tell us how the earth has changed化石告诉我们地球的变迁 Observe the shape of the tree canopy to determine the environment in which trees grow.观察树冠的外形,判断树木生长的环境。 Collecting and analyzing more information from the natural world搜集、分析自然界带给我们的更多信息 |
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